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The following article was published in our article directory on December 17, 2011.
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Laser Printers: From Nature's Simplicity to Technological Wonder

Article Category: Business Management

Author Name: chickie maxwell

Laser printers are computer output devices that utilize heat to produce high-quality text and images. The heat is actually static electricity which makes possible the bonding of the toner fine powder to the paper in order to form characters and pictures. These output devices use a laser beam to create an image on a light sensitive roller, which in turn produces an electrostatic charge . When laser printers were first introduced for office use in 1981, the cost was prohibitive . However, as man continued to master laser technology for printing, the prices began to lower significantly until the low-end models became reasonably priced even for home use.

Laser was a technology of the twentieth century . American physicist Theodore Maiman generated the first laser in 1960. Maiman also coined the term laser as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. While ordinary light scatters and disperses over short distances because of the multiple wavelengths comprising it, laser light consists of only one major wavelength of light travelling in the same direction and combines additively, hence monochromatic and coherent, respectively. These two characteristics make laser light easy to focus with practically no scatter or divergence. It is this divergence property which gives laser its unequalled utility in the operation of laser printers.

The process involved in printing using laser printers is called the electrophotographic process which comprises six different phases:

Cleaning. This step prepares the drum for the conditioning phase by taking out the image of the page on the drum from the previously printed page. Removal is accomplished using the laser by way of a discharge lamp. Toner powder which is not attached to the drum surface is scoured off for subsequent reuse.

Conditioning. A conditioning roller or a primary corona delivers an electrostatic charge of about - 600 volts of direct current (Vdc) on the cylindrical imaging drum. The charge is consistently retained on the smooth drum surface as long as the charge is kept in darkness owing to the sensitivity of the drum to light.

Writing. The laser beam is disseminated throughout the surface of the drum using a moving mirror. During such movement, the laser diminishes the electrostatic charge to - 100 Vdc so that the image of the page targeted for printing will be recorded for the short term.

Developing. The developer puts toner to the drum. In this stage, the rationale of the charge reduction mentioned in the preceding step becomes evidence . While the toner is also electrostatic at - 600 Vdc, the image is created or written only on portions of the drum where the voltaic charge is reduced. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that like charges repel. Hence, the toner only clings to the surface of the drum where the charge is not equal to - 600 Vdc.

Transferring. The image created on the drum is transferred to the electrostatically charged paper, by attracting the toners clinging to the drum. Thus, the printed page is created. To ensure that the charged paper does not attach to the drum as the paper moves inside the printer, a static eliminator part of the printer functions to cancel the charge.

Fusing. Using high temperature, the printed paper is pulled through the fuser rollers and expelled into the paper tray.

Printers are widely accepted as the most important computer peripheral. As an understanding of how the laser beam powers laser printers is achieved, one can better value how a resource as simple as light can be utilized for seemingly endless possibilities. In a way, like most spectacular human discoveries, nature's simplicity turns into wonders of technology.

Keywords: laser printers

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