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The following article was published in our article directory on March 29, 2011.
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What is the ecological civilization?

Article Category: Advice

Author Name: Amanda xzh

A local natural ecological good, is it ecological civilization level high?

Ecological civilization level can quantify? Can substitute the GDP of economic and social development achievements assessment?

To this, national social science fund projects "new regional harmonious development and policy research" group proposed "ecological civilization index" (ECI) concept, to our country areas ecological civilization level scientific measurement and analysis, made in China in 2007 to 2009 provincial ecological civilization level sort. Authorized by the China economy, our magazine sole disclosure the subject again on the latest research results.

"The ecological civilization" how to calculate?

The essence of the construction of ecological civilization is waste resources and environmental damage from the development mode to resource-saving and environment-friendly development mode change process. The construction of ecological civilization level measure the extent of this change is to weigh in, namely the minimal resource consumption and the least environmental cost to get greater development degree. Generally speaking, can use per capita GDP to measure the region's economic development level, as for economic development will bring resource consumption and environment cost this study with ecological footprints are recognized this academia method to calculate.

Group proposed ecological civilization index (ECI) first need to calculate the ecological footprint, then will the ecological footprint of per capita GDP and all the towns around, will ultimately with the national average level, the index is very. Basic calculation formula is:

ECI = (area per capita GDP region ecological footprint) / (the national average GDP per capita of ecological footprint) x100

Here, the so-called unit of ecological footprint, refers to the overall population on the ecological environment impact. Any known of the ecological footprint of population, equal to the production of all resources consumed by produced and absorb all the waste, the ecological productive land needed to the area.

The calculation method of ecological footprint is ecological civilization index calculation basis and the key. Team collected each account respectively, and then through the region consumption of complex conversion and calculated the ecological footprint of a region the size of each. Among them into the forest, grassland, cultivated land, land (different types in the finished according to different land types for the role of ecological system maintenance, forest and grass to judge the net primary productivity is higher, cultivated land is low, the finished, coal, coke minimum), crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, gas and electrical power, etc. Various kinds of energy (conform to the requirements of the development of ecological environmental protection of different grades), solid wastes and wastewater etc of environmental pollution different parameters on the numerical results of influence.

Who's the most civilized ecological

- Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong continuous three years. The top three

Group calculated the 2009 China provinces in the size of the ecological footprint, from large to small order.

Ecological footprint, the greater the population on behalf of the unit of resource consumption and environment bring the cost. Can see from figure 1, 2009 national average per person of the ecological footprint is 6.11 global hectares (quantification of ecological footprint statistics units). 30 provinces in the size of the ecological footprint vary enormously.

The ecological footprint of Inner Mongolia, the biggest provinces is reached 16.28 global hectares, is the national average level of 2.66 times. The second and the third ranking in the provinces of shanxi, were ningxia and is the national average of about two times. And higher levels of economic development of Beijing and Shanghai city, such as ecological footprint but not the biggest in the country, the only row ethnics-people provinces. In addition, data showed that, guangxi, jiangxi, sichuan, hunan provinces in the country of the ecological footprint of the most cheap platoon.

The ecological footprint of calculated results by using ecological civilization, based in 2009 the formula, index of the provinces in ecological civilization from large to small index of sorting are shown in figure 2.

As above, the construction of ecological civilization is essentially resources more saving, environment more friendly process of development. Therefore, ecological footprint size though is ecological civilization important influence factors, but is not the same decision ecological civilization level.

Figure 2 is 30 provinces in ecological civilization index sorted, it says regional ecological civilization level. Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong and other cities, the first three relative to the national 252.09, respectively 188.7, 178.15, ecological civilization level, while ningxia, the lead of shanxi and guizhou provinces in the final three, only for it, 40.74 and 48.33. Considering the 30 provinces in ecological civilization index for 47.4, here to standard for a standard deviation interval 50 national provinces in simple into four groups:

The high level group (ECI ranking than 150) : six provinces in this level, which in turn are Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong, zhejiang, jiangsu, tianjin, all in the east coast. Especially Beijing ecological civilization, fully display more than 200 index of ecological efficiency and the Angle from pollution treatment effect, Beijing is in the lead position.

High level group (ECI between 100 and 150) : a total of nine provinces ranking in this interval, a row in the eastern province of fujian and shandong, more like the western provinces, is, including jiangxi, hunan, guangxi, chongqing, hubei, henan and sichuan. Compared with the national average of these provinces in ecological civilization level of concave group.

Low level group (ECI between 50 and 100) : a total of 12 provinces ranking in this level, both between the eastern provinces of hebei and hainan, liaoning, jilin, heilongjiang and also including the mid-west provinces of shanxi, anhui, Inner Mongolia, etc. These provinces in the country of ecological civilization level is low level.

Low level group (less than 50) : there are three provinces in the sorting of guizhou province in under 50, is in shanxi and ningxia, and in all the provinces of the lowest level. But the overall level is low, it doesn't say these provinces of ecological construction, as no progress after the analysis of Shanxi Province, which is China's provinces, the ecological footprint of minority in the provinces continuous decline, just the traditional industry development and energy utilization structure and other reasons, energy consumption is huge, but ecological civilization level are promoted step by step.

Judging from the time series, in 2007 to 2009 Chinese provincial ecological civilization index and to sort results such as table 1.

From the national ecological civilization index to see, the general pattern sorting change doesn't change too much, but does not exclude the individual provinces have obvious a sequence changes. Jiangsu, tianjin, jiangxi, hunan, hubei and shanxi provinces have different degrees of the rankings, reflected in its transformation of the mode of economic development, promote the construction of ecological civilization progress of such as national lead; speed But fujian, sichuan, shandong provinces ecological index ranking dropped relative to other provinces, it fell. Position

Ecological civilization GDP: heavy and VS weight

Ecological civilization index is a region's economic development achievements (per capita GDP) and economic development resources environment comprehensive a consumption of pure currency equivalent to measure economic development resource environmental "coefficient" weighted adjustment, so GDP changes and the consumption of resources and the environment changes will affect the coefficient of adjustment.

In order to guide to promote sustainable development for the purpose of the study group focuses on the changes of the ecological footprint indexes impacts. 2007-2009 Chinese provincial general ecological footprint changes fig.03 shows, the national average of ecological footprint change is positive, increased 0.59 global standard hectares.

It is worth noting, has five provinces of the ecological footprint of appeared negative growth, respectively is shanxi, Beijing, tianjin, gansu and Shanghai, another guizhou, hunan, jiangxi growth is very slow. Shanxi appeared most greatly reduced, of the ecological footprint of fell 0.51 global standards, about 95% is energy hectares of land reduction.

Although the overall ecological footprint in Shanxi Province, but this is still huge indeed greatly reduced with the local industry's adjustment and energy conservation and emission reduction policy guide has the very big relations. And the Beijing and Shanghai this kind of more developed city ecological footprint reduction appears with the trend of future urban development, because such cities more intensive and rely on innovation is the main driving force for the development stages, energy use more intensive, while residents of environmental protection and life quality of life demands more and more is also high.

Theoretically, the ideal of the mode of economic development should be in per capita GDP increases, present negative growth, or the ecological footprint is below the national average growth. Accordingly, the group in 2007 to 2009 per capita GDP growth rate and the ecological footprint of the relative respectively the relative growth as two axis, do scatterplot chart (figure 4).

Figure 4 icon in the upper left corner area is regional economic development the ideal mode, per capita GDP is growing rapidly and in reducing the ecological footprint. In this interval of tianjin and shanxi provinces have.

Through case analysis can speculate, economic development and the binhai new area of tianjin driving relation, pay attention to improve the quality of the whole city development intensive development, the core of become driving power. And in Shanxi Province are benefiting from its speed up the industrial adjustment and gradually reduce energy consumption of major step.

Beijing and Shanghai is located in the bottom left corner in reducing the ecological footprint although GDP per capita, but because itself has been relatively high level of economic development, so the year-on-year growth rate is relatively slow.

Figure 4 middle section province belongs to economic development and national basic synchronization, and the ecological footprint changes in increasing, here basically also gathered a most provinces.

Figure 4 the upper-right corner of Inner Mongolia, chongqing, shaanxi provinces, despite the economic development in the front in the whole country, but resource consumption level and environmental impact on local ecological civilization level also has very obvious adverse effect, it is urgent to quicken the promoting economic development mode change.

Located in figure 4 is currently in the lower right corner of the xinjiang the development of very adverse condition, economic development speed slow to the national average level, but also increase the ecological footprint is in. This area was not needed for the development of ecological construction, it is economic and social aspects of improving comprehensive development level.

(this article according to the national social science fund projects "new regional harmonious development and policy research" research "Chinese provinces in ecological civilization level editor of a sort. The accounting method and specific data in 2007 standings see 2009 edition of 32 of the civilization" whose ecology.)

Interviews YangKaiZhong: group chief scientist

Farewell "only GDP"

The China economic weekly "reporter WangGongRu I reports from Beijing

His title is more and more, people are becoming more and more low-key.

Beijing university professor, also concurrently Beijing economic and social development research institute, China's regional science association, Asian cities and regional research association, vice director of Beijing expert party several academic organizations position. At the same time, or the state planning experts committee, and Beijing, fujian province, and other government adviser. He said he himself as the most important is the identity of Peking University professor.

Because the multitasking, time for him and become more and more lack.

In addition to the busy teaching work, as the state planning experts committee and famous city and regional research experts, he has undertaken a lot of important scientific research task.

YangKaiZhong, China's famous city and regional research experts. As for two consecutive years national social science fund projects "new regional harmonious development and policy research group chief scientist". Survey report, is above one of the project research achievements. Behind the scenes of this report came before, the reporter went to interview him.

"Very good public policy analysis tool"

The China economic weekly: since 2009 release first assessment report about ecological civilization, you have three consecutive years since the assessment report released ecological civilization, the report sorting and compared several times, what is the biggest difference?

YangKaiZhong: this year's ecological civilization in overall research idea to report continues for the construction of ecological civilization we always thinking, but in a more scientific methods and perfect.

The biggest differences and innovation lies in the calculation of the ecological footprint account improved the energy account and joined the pollution accounts.

First of all, energy account joined gas and electrical power, gas belong to clean energy, energy consumption structure in the future the position will become more prominent, and not to be ignored.

Next, try to join the pollution accounts. Two previous accounting pay attention to the economic development of the resource consumption, temporarily not dealing with economic development brings pollution effects, with regret. And this joined the pollution accounts (including solid wastes and wastewater) and the calculation method is more scientific.

The starting point of the study also slightly different, because there are several years of continuous data comparison, we not only to concern a province in ecological civilization level the latest minor sorting, are also interested in the recent developing ecological civilization level what changes, and such changes and development policy have what relation. In fact, we feel this sort can become very good public policy analysis tools.

The China economic weekly: in this sort, Beijing is still ranked first, its first what is the reason?

YangKaiZhong: ecological civilization development is with the least amount of resources and the smallest environment bring the greatest degree of the cost of economic development. Beijing to the ecological impact unit of GDP in the national view is the smallest, so in this ranking in Beijing can in front. This of course and Beijing relatively more advanced industrial structure, more advanced technology level, higher population quality and environmental management standards, higher energy resources environmental efficiency (such as yuan GDP energy consumption is the lowest in the country) directly related.

The China economic weekly ": in the top five in ordering, Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong, zhejiang qualifying compared with no change in 2008. Last year this year ranked sixth in the jiangsu province of fujian, more than a fifth of jiangsu province in advance of qualifying for what reason?

YangKaiZhong: jiangsu and fujian belong to the eastern coastal province, we calculated result in ecological civilization in two provinces, appear relatively close to index of the result of mutual see-saw is not unexpected.

Specific to the rankings, task group have detailed data to explain. In 2007 to 2009 in fujian province 7932 yuan per capita GDP per capita increased, the ecological footprint of jiangsu province increased 0.76, and for three years 10816 yuan per capita GDP per capita increased, the ecological footprint only increased 0.32. So it seems more than in the rankings, jiangsu province of fujian also logical. But the deeper reason is jiangsu economic development has entered a higher stage, the resource environmental consumption relatively small industrial share rise faster, unit value added of industry energy consumption decline also fast (dropped by 10.2%).

The China economic weekly: tianjin by 2008 the seventh came sixth in advance, why is that?

YangKaiZhong: tianjin per capita GDP increased 16452 yuan, but its per capita ecological footprint but reduced 0.17, is conforming to theoretically economic development model for the idea of an ideal with fewer resources, environment and the price to get more economic development. Tianjin is among the provinces in China than the national average per capita GDP growth levels, but the ecological footprint of negative growth but there provinces. I believe that this outcome and the binhai new area of tianjin construction closely related. Binhai new area as China's important city type, its development is built on pole resources more economy, environment more friendly of modern technologies, modern manufacturing and modern service industry, thus promote the basis of the city ecological civilization level of faster improved.

Natural ecological good indicates ecological civilization level is high

The China economic weekly: you release order is the ecological civilization in the national social science fund of major projects, so that part of the achievements of sorting purpose is? The last sort provincial caused greater sensation of provincial, your estimate after seeing the sort what kind of reaction?

YangKaiZhong: specifically, we have two purposes, one is the understanding purpose. Through this work, we hope to be able to understand China's ecological civilization construction of the temporal and spatial distribution of macroeconomic changes and their basic reasons; and 2 it is the purpose of benefit society. Through this work, we hope to be able to arouse the enthusiasm of the construction of ecological civilization around, as well as creative and the state formulates a multizone policy to provide reference basis for ecological civilization.

I'm looking forward to seeing the various provinces, cities and autonomous regions, in order to local and after the construction of ecological civilization throughout the country with a more aware of the construction of ecological civilization, the enthusiasm, creative higher and more big.

The China economic weekly: this sort keep pace with times overall little change, also compared not in east, middle and west in the startups that ecological civilization. How to understand the results?

Ecological civilization level YangKaiZhong: by industry, technology, management, system under the influence of various factors, these factors district difference though changes, but in general the change is a gradual and then short-term inside small changes, not very costly. Therefore, the sorting keep pace with times overall little change compared. East, middle and west is mainly the three belts according to economic development level and the sea land Richard position distinguish. Ecological civilization level in GDP per capita decisions not only, and still produced by economic development of the ecological impact size (ecological footprint, the influence of the size), and east, middle and west division and cannot be effectively reflect our ecological civilization level maps. For example, some eastern provinces per capita GDP is high, but its economic development will bring resource consumption and environment cost is high, so ecological civilization level is not high; And the Midwest with relatively few provinces of resource environment cost brought higher per capita GDP growth, its sort may be relatively in the front. So, this we didn't use east, middle and west division describe the distribution of ecological civilization discretion.

The China economic weekly: you usually think than western ecology in Beijing, Shanghai, why western ecological civilization a low degree?

Based on our YangKaiZhong: this is the understanding of concepts for ecological civilization. I said, ecological environment and ecological civilization are two different concepts. Ecological refers to the biological and between organism and environment with the relationship between the existing condition, and civilization is the human the transformation world the sum of material and spiritual achievement. A country or region natural ecological good does not mean its ecological civilization level is high, the ecological civilization equates to ecological understanding and practice, questionable.

The China economic weekly: you for these ecological civilization what are the backward area suggest?

YangKaiZhong: generally speaking, improve ecological civilization level, must accelerate the changes of development mode, through industrial upgrading and technical progress, complete system, management modernization, left no stone unturned in the way such as reducing energy consumption etc resource consumption and environmental damage, make great efforts to enhance environmental productivity and ecological efficiency, the development of transferred to resources more saving, environment more friendly track.

But, different region ecological civilization degree the specific restricting factors exist improve structural difference, to adjust measures to local conditions, the concrete analysis.

Chinese ecological civilization global ranking is low

The China economic weekly: globally, China's ecological civilization level? Are there any plans to do a ranking of global ecological civilization?

YangKaiZhong: there are many international organizations are devoted to sustainable development areas of international comparison, ecological footprint method first is also proposed and to make use of foreign scholars. Such as RP organization (Redefining every year when) issued The real Progress indicators (when The Genuine Indicator), compared to countries all over The world The size of The ecological footprint. The world wide fund for nature (WWF) will also regularly publish "life" (the Planet Report about), of which invest involving ecological footprint results.

Ecological civilization level, relative to developed countries and regions will tell, is relatively low, this is because our country is a developing country, general economic structure, technical level, system mechanism still lag behind.

Ecological civilization is the international comparison has certain significance. But this problem involves many complex international political and economic factors, a tricky.

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