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The following article was published in our article directory on August 18, 2010.
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Shocked the United States and Affect the World's Events

Article Category: World Affairs

Author Name: xia zihui

Crisis is to promote institutional change, stimulate the system potential favorable opportunity, the U.S. government has been aware of the housing finance market has to rebuild. But the "two rooms" within the U.S. financial system will generate many toxic assets, largely not been addressed, if the U.S. "rescue" measures can not touch the fundamental system of Gen Yuan, do not change the government credit guarantee as the "two rooms" special profit model The United States will face the further evolution of the crisis for the overall crisis possible.

The U.S. Treasury will convene a special meeting today, discuss Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's future business issues. It was reported that in January next year to submit to Congress before the housing finance market, a comprehensive reform proposals. The world's eyes are glued and see the value of one trillion U.S. dollars of U.S. mortgage bonds, the fate of a case.

From sitting on a trillion dollars in assets of the "giant", to the insolvent and had to withdraw from the market from the capital market, can say that the "two room" is the U.S. real estate market to decline from the most realistic portrayal of Shing. As the possession of the United States three-quarters of the housing mortgage loan market share of policy-oriented financial institutions, "two rooms" sustains the survival of the fate of the U.S. housing financial market, but also about the future of the U.S. economy.

"Two rooms" represents the abuse of national privilege. "Two rooms" traditionally enjoyed almost the same with the U.S. sovereign debt financing costs low, so the objective of stimulating the "two rooms" agencies expand their business with impunity ignore the risk, balance sheet assets and liabilities of rapid expansion, Cheng Liao holds the U.S. housing and financial system the center of the two super-housing finance institutions. "Two rooms" huge volume of business distort the risk of U.S. housing finance market, pricing, objectively facilitated the spread upward in recent years, U.S. home prices rose and the real estate bubble.

Looking back, the "two room" is the U.S. government against the housing financial crisis is the product of 30 years of the 20th century during the Great Depression the Roosevelt Administration the results of anti-housing crisis.

For the U.S. banking industry, the mortgage important. In the Great Depression, the U.S. banking sector because of "Q terms" bound, the deposit rate is restricted. U.S. government restricted the purpose of bank deposit interest rates, is to protect the bank's profitability, because housing collateral long maturity, and mainly fixed interest rate that if he let the floating deposit rates Renyi, thousands of commercial banks and savings and loans institutions will facing a great interest rate risk. But the control of interest rates on deposits and the banking crisis is not, in the 20th century 70's era of high inflation, a substantial U.S. market interest rates rise, a huge loss of funds to banks and savings institutions and credit money to a liquidity crisis.

Therefore, the Great Depression, how to increase the liquidity of financial markets, housing became a major U.S. financial sector issues, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac was born. Two-room primary business is committed to actively explore and nurture the secondary residential mortgage market, through from the banks, other financial institutions to buy home mortgages, packaged market, securitization, to support the U.S. housing financial market stability, liquidity and enhance national capacity to buy a house can pay the government public policy objectives, so the two rooms to serve as the U.S. real estate financial markets, "central bank" role.

Thus, the implicit government credit guarantee profit model has become the core of the two rooms. This makes the two rooms to enjoy the same treatment in Phnom Penh sovereign bonds, means that profits are privatized, losses been socialized. So the two rooms was the market known as "Chartered by the federal government, shareholders, taxpayers foot the bill for the risk," the profit model.

In support of the two housing finance companies, the government offers a variety of special preferential policies, including: the company can be relieved of securities issued by the Federal Securities Commission's approval, was held by various financial institutions unlimited assets, and serve as the Federal Reserve Bank discount loans and credit qualified collateral; companies if necessary up 2.25 billion U.S. dollars available to the Ministry of Finance financial support; company scope of business from the state sector and geographical constraints, without recognition of local oversight and approval; company keep adequate capital according to the law after all the other operating income attributable to shareholders. Government incentives and preferential policies in their interests driving the dual shareholders under the action of the two company's business and assets of scale to expand rapidly over Qian "two room" holds about 5.4 trillion U.S. dollars of mortgage backed, accounting for the scale of the mortgage market 44%. As of end 2008, total debt of the GSEs (long and short-term bonds issued by Fannie Mae MBS) more than 5 trillion dollars, a privilege and monopoly control of the national capital's "Big Mac."

The financial crisis in order to rescue the two "big but not down" of the enterprise, the U.S. government can be said to spare no effort. To this end, the U.S. government "three-pronged approach" from financial institutions balance sheet assets, liabilities and equity three starting an unprecedented scale and unconventional policy of "two-room" implementation of the comprehensive financial rescue. "Two rooms" formed on the redemptive highly dependent on government policy. Currently, the "two rooms" have been combined use of 148.3 billion U.S. dollars of U.S. federal relief funds, bonds accounted for two-room Fed Nearly half of the balance sheet as at August 12, two rooms bonds accounted for 48% of the Federal Reserve assets. U.S. Congressional Budget Office estimated in accordance with the present mode of operation continues, from 2009 to 2019, the "two rooms" will cost taxpayers a total of nearly 400 billion U.S. dollars, simply become engulfed the American taxpayer "debt black hole."

The market has not admitted to continue the pace of decline. National Real Estate Economic Association (NAR) data showed the U.S. June existing home sales index fell 2.6% contracted, compared with the same period last year dropped by nearly 20%. U.S. Northeast, Midwest, West real estate sales data of three regions are declining, compared with the same period in 2009, fell more than 2 digits. In June, accounting for more than 90% of the U.S. housing market, sales of second-hand housing chain two consecutive months, fell to 5.1% expansion.

The U.S. government has realized that to rebuild the housing finance market has.

"Two rooms" coming in the end will go from here? Visiting Fellow, Cato Institute, Franklin proposed that the Government should first clear out the bad assets. After the balance sheet back to health the rest of the state, there are three options: First, continue to the "two room" operation; Second, let the two rooms of the regulatory Federal Housing Finance Board or another U.S. government-sponsored enterprises auspicious alternative two rooms to the exercise of its functions; Third, the private sector to replace the two rooms.

In any case, there is a bigger problem is that subprime loans asset bubble burst, the "two rooms" Ji within the United States bring tremendous financial Tiji toxic assets, largely not been addressed, but with Xiugai accounting rules and Dong Jie Debt Settlement means temporarily cover up the bad debts of financial institutions, or go to the Fed's balance sheet. What is the full nationalization of toxic assets, or its debt restructuring, privatization or reform it again?

Crisis is to promote institutional change, stimulate the system potential favorable opportunity, if the U.S. "rescue" measures can not touch the fundamental system of roots, does not change the government credit guarantee as the "two rooms" special profit model, the United States will face the further evolution of the crisis possible for the overall crisis.

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